Friday, April 30, 2010

A real-world example illustrating sunk costs, cost-benefit analysis, decision-making, and game-playing

I am teaching an elective course, Applied Game Theory, this term. According to the course syllabus, there will be in-class final exam, no midterm exam, and class will be held as usual during the midterm exam week. [You see that I do observe and comply with the rules set forth by our school. Are you, my friend, Lady M, also a VP, reading this now?] There is only one task on syllabus for the meeting in midterm exam week, which is “individually check the progress of game-playing assignment.”

On April 26, 2007, the day before the scheduled meeting, an idea stoke me that perhaps I could run the progress-checking in a more cost-effective and more efficient way. So, I sent out an email via e-learning platform to all enrolled students. I stated clearly that nobody would be asked to show up before 4:00 pm. From 4:00 pm to 4:30 pm, about eight students (names given specifically) would go thru the process with me on an one-on-one basis. Another group will be treated from 4:30 pm to 5:00 pm, followed by the third and the fourth group. I thought that everybody would be happy with this arrangement although it was announced just 24 hrs ahead of the time.

Now let me share with you my conversation with Mr. C. Lin on April 27.
At 3:57 pm, Mr. Lin came to my office with no expression on his face: "I have been waiting for you almost one hour."
I replied: "Got you! How many times do I have to remind you of the importance of checking emails sent thru e-learning?"
He calmly stared at me and slowly moved toward the elevator.
"Are you leaving? Hey, if you leave now, very likely I will hold you for being absent for two or three hours (in class meeting). Come on, it is not worthy! You will lose everything." I said.
"I have wasted one hour already. If I choose to stay, I will have to wait for another hour before you run the scheduled check on my case. In total, I will waste two hours and there is still a chance that you may keep me waiting longer. That is why I should be smart and take off." He replied.
"Wait a minute! Have you forgotten about sunk costs I taught in principles of economics? Do stay! I will not break my promise. Trust me"

What happened? At 4:01 pm, I saw Mr. Lin quietly sat in the classroom and waited for his turn. I will say that he was making a rational decision. Why?
Since he did not get that email notification, he paid the price by wasting one hour (from 3:10 pm to 4 pm). But that is the so-called sunk cost, which should be irrelevant in the following argument.
If he chooses to leave at 4 pm (after speaking to me), he will not get the benefit and the cost to him will be two or three hours counted as class absence.
If he chooses to stay, he will get the benefit and the cost to him will be one hour as the foregone waiting time.
Hence, the cost-benefit analysis tells us that Mr. Lin, provided that he is rational, should stay. And he did! Good for him.

Of course, if I do not keep my promise and somehow handle his case around 6 pm, he will get the benefit but the cost to him will be two hours as the foregone time. Even for this worst scenario, it is still better than his leaving at 4 pm. Besides, if he takes my strategic action into consideration, we will have a two-person game. As I assured him of my commitment in keeping my words, neither of us should have thought about the game-playing.

Credits: 雖然C. Lin偶爾會有所謂的嗆聲動作,他時而能夠即時回答問題,也曾對經濟學小考問題,提出有水準的批判見解。比起一些老僧入定或是喬裝乖乖牌的同學,要強多了。文藻週的至少兩天下午,(我個人覺得有些奇怪的)經典閱讀活動曲終人散時,我由走廊經過,只見他一人在教室默默地還原課桌椅。他的動作,令我聯想起電影「天之驕子」裡,男老師於開學第一天,在空教室對齊書本與桌緣之一幕。就憑這些觀察,日後只要他開口要推薦函 (references),我一定樂意相助。

An Example of Incorporating youtube to Teaching

(to be used in teaching the course, Workshop on Information and Negotiation, on May 3, 2010)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVGKAIS7Q4g

source:
dxmonline — 西元2009年07月20日 — 肯.羅賓森爵士(Sir Ken Robinson)以生動活潑的案例來談教育制度。他深切希望教育制度能培育而非扼殺學生的創意。


Notes added by jsw:

This is good for teaching public speaking, not really suitable for discussion on education (and policy-making). It is like the comedian show, popular in some western countries, not in Taiwan. [The show ‘David Allen at Large’ was on TV long time ago when I was in USA.]
我不贊同「教育扼殺創意」這類娛樂新聞標題煽情化之句子。
有基本邏輯思考訓練的人,應該知道:我們把教育,視為一種機制 (mechanism),有足夠人數的所有可能的學生構成的集合,視為一種社會 (society or the set of all profiles)。如果我們檢驗後發現,針對社會裡每一類的 profile,實施教育這一種機制,對學生的創意,有抹殺打壓之影響,才能下結論:教育扼殺創意。
反之,如果有10萬學生,其中8萬位算是循規蹈矩,只是怎麼教怎麼學,也不會有創意。7000位是透過教育洗禮,變得有創意。1000位天生就有創意,不幸在教育過程中被淹沒或犧牲。12000位則是教育體制的漏網之魚(也就是浪費教育資源的學生)。
我們不能說:
教育制度必能培育學生的創意。
也不能說:
教育制度必會扼殺學生的創意。

一些沒有創意的人,常會怪罪教育制度不好,害他喪失創意。這種人到處都可見。
A拿菜刀砍死B,是A的錯,不是發明菜刀的人之錯,因為菜刀的用途,不是用來砍人的。
以前不只一位國文老師說過一則故事,萬惡不赦的盜匪在行刑前,要求生母給他吸一口奶,竟咬斷乳頭,表示都是母親沒教好。其實,十歲左右的我,那時就不相信會有這種事,撇開講述者是否有心理問題或嚴重意淫,也不談在古代那種文化背景,充滿肅殺之氣的刑場怎麼會有人脫衣服,自己殺人犯罪,最後竟然怪罪母親縱容他,我無法理解。現在更相信我當時的認知。
以該講者為例,如果他一直在家中,與老人家、寵物,談天氣聊是非(用流行俚語形容:嘴砲),度過15~20年,會有這種犀利幽默智慧?才怪!

P.S. 用字遣詞,是藝術,是功夫,更是態度與教養問題。正因為這樣,我不會加入『墮落教師聯盟』的粉絲團。那裡有很好的討論平台,發言人也不易是狀況外的嘴砲快閃族,只是粉絲團的主打介紹詞,竟是

『你很賭爛現在教育制度嗎?
你以墮落為己任嗎?
你夠瘋狂沒人把妳當老師嗎?
歡迎加入粉絲團支持我們
讓我們繼續 "有叫無累" 吧
"一日為師...終身墮落"』

Thursday, April 29, 2010

Being stupid is unacceptable (story continued)

別再嚷嚷『學校怎麼教的都是以後用不到的理論!不知道這是不是你要的答案』,自己問自己:那家公司願意雇用笨蛋!

A: 單位來了位新人。主管要求他們去調查,其他學校XX系的國考錄取率。我說可以用今年考生或學生家長的身份去刺探敵情。未料,她打電話大剌剌地說:我是X校XX系,因為要評鑑資料,所以想知道貴系的國考錄取率。笨笨笨笨笨!

B: WOW! I thought that she called her boyfriend or mom for help. 我見過這類助理。You might tell her: 順便問對方有沒有缺。

A: 昨天還真的問到一家,不過對方晃點她說會再寄資料給她。

(一週後)

A: 最近那位新人有好消息了!甲校XX系系主任跟她說,必須先E其他學校的國考率給他,甲校才會回覆。結果新人興沖沖地把所有收集到的情報寄給了甲校XX系系主任。未料,甲校XX系系主任發現乙校XX系系主任尚未回覆,就給了一個不錯的回答:『因為乙校XX系都沒填,所以我們也不填,等乙校XX系回覆了,我們就回覆。』今天,那位新人氣炸了!

B: 甲校XX系系主任真是好樣的,不費力就取得他校的國考率資料,他是孔明後裔嗎?也許應該請他到訊息與談判課程,來一場協同教學,分享他這類草船借箭的絕活。我腦海閃過一幕,新人以那位童顏巨乳明星的嗲聲嗲氣語調,加上田中千惠在海角七號的獨特日本腔國語:『好討厭喲!他們都欺負我!』

以前看過一部浪漫日片,每年雨季來臨時,已逝的情人(竹田結子飾演)會出現。也許改成,雨季來了,笨人潮也隨即到來。

(borrowing some words from an old song, End of the World)
Don't they know
it is the end of the world
'cause stupid people are everywhere

Tuesday, April 27, 2010

由簡短留言與回應 看邏輯推理之趣味與應用

無意間,在部落格捕捉到一小段有趣的留言與回應。

Miss A (who is a friend on internet whom I never met nor spoke to) posted on her blog: 我可以接受外貌不佳的人...但無法接受外貌不佳、學歷不高又內涵空空、談話LOW...的人..
Mr. B: 我也滾遠些
Miss A: Mr.B...你是外貌出色的人...什麼都沒有 也沒關係..


What exactly were on the mind of Miss A?
1. 她接受的人,也許有外貌不佳的人。
2. 如果外貌不佳的人,被她接受,他一定不能是
(i)學歷不高又內涵空空 且 (ii) 談話LOW...

所以
如果外貌不佳的人,被她接受,他可能是學歷不高又內涵空空,但是不會談話LOW...
如果外貌不佳的人,被她接受,他可能是學歷高或有內涵,但是談話LOW...

彙整得知,
外貌不佳的人,只要符合以下任一條件,就可能會被她接受:
(a)學歷高;(b)有內涵;(c)不會談話LOW...
此外,
外貌既不佳、學歷也不高又內涵空空且談話LOW...的人,則不可能會被她接受。
OS: 如此看來,她的標準不算嚴苛。

3. 由她對 Mr. B的友善回應,解讀為:外貌出色的人,一定會被她接受。緣此,不被她接受的人,一定是外貌不出色(即不佳)的人。所以,只要我們知道:張三不被她接受,就可推論,張三的外貌不出色(即不佳)。
OS: 此話一出,應該沒有人會坦承(或希望)「自己不被她接受」。她可以落個耳根清靜。
注意:這並不是說:任何外貌不出色(即不佳)的人,一定不會被她接受。

Question for further interest:
一般所謂的「外貌協會(會員)」,究竟指的是:
外貌出色的人,一定會被(她)接受
還是
會被(她)接受的人,一定是外貌出色

Saturday, April 24, 2010

Policy or Disclaimer

Sometimes I write stories (in the preliminary version) which might come from my dream land but sound so familiar and close to our lives. Digging out the truth won’t do us any good. If something is real, people tend to say that it is fictitious to protect innocents. If something is fictitious, people promote it by saying that the least expected will come to you anytime anyhow. Some readers might wish them to be true while some do not. I have hereby determined that publishing my preliminary thoughts here is acceptable for the following reasons:

1.I offer a disclaimer that the contents here are not intended to harm any reader in any way;
2.My posting offers the readership of this blog a chance to research into the involved issues at their own cost and risk, eventually fostering our understanding of the society;
3.The term “professionalism” calls for a profession -- i.e., a money-making activity. Nevertheless, this blog is a consuming asset rather than a producing asset -- i.e., I don't get a (bloody) dollar for doing this. So I can be as professional or unprofessional as I want.
(I borrow some words from a blog by Mr. Brian Gill.)

由還錢談起 (To repay or not to repay -- that is the question)

由還錢談起 – Yes ... my dear friend lost in contact, I am thinking about you... and, to be specific, the money I lent to you some years ago

Prof. Jerry Liu is proud to be a weekend vendor. I admire him and admit that I am too impulsive to do something like that. On the top of that, I surely will exercise the price discrimination toward customers. In light of that, I might do something on which I seem to have comparative advantage (to some extent). Here is what I have in mind. Twice in a week or so, I shall post some crazy (or naive) thoughts here as open questions or questions that demand serious follow-ups rather than cheap answers.
Here is the first one:
期盼友人還錢,真的比中統一發票還難。可是,很多學生卻能輕鬆地說:『老師教過的,早就還給老師啦!』(難怪老師不易瘦身?) 緣此,應該調漲學費。保留知識、不還給老師的人,日後可以部份退費。至於還給老師的人,既然豪氣萬丈,當然不必退費給他們。會計室是最大贏家。
forgot to add: 當政客貪污、醫生與教授舞弊新聞爆發時,民代、教育界、民意異口同聲,要求他們以前的學校(e.g., NTU among others),應該對倫理教育負責之時,怎麼沒想到,他們只是把學的東西,早就還給母校呢?To me, it is not much different from the situation at which quite a number of students taking my economics or professional writing courses already returned whatever they learned from me. No big deal.
如果是我當家,也許在英語初戀營的宣誓詞,加上:
敬天愛人;學多少、算多少、Never repay!

Friday, April 23, 2010

從心做起

最近電視台的談話性節目,一窩蜂地談論陸生來台與大陸學校向台灣優秀學生招手。幾位所謂的名嘴,滿臉憂愁,一直說政府再不拿錢出來,我國人才都跑光啦。
好多年前,讀過一篇文章,提到印度的經濟、統計人才之培養,令美加與歐洲讚不絕口。印度沒有好的硬體設施,有的是敬業態度。看看我們國家,中小學也要建一流的視訊會議廳,體育館、游泳池、電子跑馬燈看板,比比皆是。還有同學要求請假單全面e化,認為反正要求學校普設掃瞄器即可。(何不乾脆要求每校撥發一億元,大家植晶片?)觀念不改,穿金戴銀,還是不改草包內涵。教授與學生穿的是西服或套裝、細肩帶小可愛、脫鞋?不該是話題焦點。課程有沒有真材實料,才是重點。今天聽到學生談及某位老師,直誇她的好。我與她雖是點頭之交,也欣賞她這位老師。我不願、無法、也沒資格去討論她是不是好老師,但是我知道她的教學評量分數超高。令我失望的是,同學們認為她是好老師,理由竟然是「她不會驚醒上課睡覺的同學」。我帶諷刺語氣對同學說,這學期妳沒有她的課,睡眠也許不足吧?

以美國為例,這十年來,師生利用部落格(blog)交流,已經很普遍。沒有人會寫一段意見,然後加註:
Students in ECON101, please respond

這學期的訊息與談判實作,我透過作業,想激勵這類自由學風。可惜見到不少:

(請討論一下 "xxxxx")
(新題目) xxxxxx
(大家我改題目了!!!) xxxxxx
xxxxxx 請大家發表一下意見


然後一群好友來捧場,革命感情確實了不起(不會輸給電影色戒的那群流亡學生)。只是偶有搞笑來亂的、有文不對題的、有亂放電的、有斷章取義的 ... 我們老師的研究,不是這樣完成的。
也讓我想到:有時見到同學,在期末考試時,伏案小睡20~30分鐘,然後狂寫幾分鐘。原先以為同學蒙周公指點,功力大增。閱卷時,才發現只是重抄題目、抒發自己學習心得,最後祝福老師假期快樂、強調自己無法暑修、一定要準時畢業,才對得起父母與列代祖宗。如果 …如果我們的學生『拜託』老師給60分,老師『拜託』學生在期末評量客氣給分,這樣的學習環境,五年五千億的額外補助,也沒用!

Thursday, April 22, 2010

A joke to make your day

女兒是爸爸上輩子的情人?

在飛機上,我跟一對父女坐同一排。
小女孩她爸,看得出約三十歲左右。小女孩,長得挺聰明可愛的,大概是小學一二年級。
空姐發食物了,小女孩兒一拿到,非常高興的打開吃,想必是餓壞了。
父親:「你謝謝阿姨沒?」
小女孩很可愛的說:「謝謝阿姨」
父親:「跟阿姨說,阿姨你真漂亮。」
小女孩這時語氣變了:「“阿姨,我爸說你真漂亮。我爸每次看到美女就會這樣」
她爸爸楞了一下.....
空姐聽的高興的說:你問問爸爸是要牛肉飯還是雞蛋麵?
小女孩依然還是那腔調:不用啦,他看見美女就飽了。
空姐很尷尬的說:那就牛肉飯吧。
然後空姐走了.......
這父女倆又說上了,可語氣完全不是父女,而是好像很好的哥兒們或是姐妹掏鬥嘴的那種,小女孩說話也好像是個小大人。
她爸爸:我剛才是那麼說的嗎?
小女孩:好了啦,我還不知道你心裏在想些什麼啊!你能不能不要這樣啊,只要我媽一不在,你就開始了,你覺得你這樣好嗎?
她爸爸臉都綠了說:再廢話我以後再也不帶你出來!
小女孩:哎呀,您還是趁早不要帶我出來好了。我現在就覺得我在這裏是多餘的。像你這種男人當初我媽願意嫁給你就該偷笑吧。人家都說女兒是爸爸上輩子的情人,我就感到奇怪了,我上輩子是不是瞎了眼不然怎麼看上你呢?

旁邊的人全都低頭偷笑,飯也差點噴出來了!

Source: 網路文章;來源無法考證。美女友人 Jewel Lee 熱心分享。如有無聊狗仔小人,想要提告侵害智慧財產權,先去告Jewel Lee 看看。

Postscript:
1.基督徒是不相信輪迴轉世的。如果我不是基督徒,這種說法,也有些盲點 -- 爸爸上輩子的長相與態度,未必與現在一樣。此外,女兒上輩子,說不一定是宇宙無敵超級大恐龍妹耶!
2.就策略談判而言,這段對話,可能已經讓空姐印象深刻。應該遠遠勝過「爸爸直接問空姐:我可以與妳交朋友嗎」!

又有天兵提供靈感 -- 見怪不怪、該怪不怪、要怪就怪別人

Student L:
學校沒有充分的說明去實習的學習內容,只是一味的宣揚實習會增加未來工作的實務經歷,這樣是否為變相的誘導學生呢?

jsw:
如果以上邏輯是對的,試問,
被抓到的捷運襲胸色狼:『上面露半球、背部露丁字褲的辣妹,也沒充分說明她不是穿來勾引我,只是一味的賣弄、刺激我的生理反應,這樣是否為變相的誘導我這一類的好男孩呢?』

Student H:
以這樣的邏輯,全天下再也沒有人會侵犯上面露半球、背部露丁字褲的辣妹,而被視為色狼了。因為他們都是好男孩!

jsw:
H 寫道:『全天下再也沒有人會侵犯上面露半球、背部露丁字褲的辣妹,而被視為色狼了。』
建議H去修中文寫作

Student L:
To H: 若是穿著很性感的女生引起男生的生理反應,你可以解釋成為女生在誘導男生,目前為止都和我的邏輯相當,但是若男生做出不法的動作,就不一樣了。這就關系到法律的問題!!
舉例:
電玩游戲代言人或是主持人都要找身材窈窕或是穿著清涼的女性來擔任,廠商就是想吸引男性加入游戲。(以上電玩代言人是有薪資的誘因才會穿著清涼,而廠商也是有不確定性的收益;等同於學校會有一定的產學合作企劃,而同學則是有不確定性的學習成效)⋯⋯

Student H:
To L: 以邏輯思考,變相誘導學生就好比老師舉例的"變相誘導我這一類的好男孩",因為沒有充分的說明去實習的學習內容只是一味的宣揚實習會增加未來工作的實務經歷就像老師舉例的"被抓到的捷運襲胸色狼:上面露半球、背部露丁字褲的辣妹,也沒充分說明她不是穿來勾引我,只是一味的賣弄、刺激我的生理反應"
老師只是對你敘述句子的邏輯性,跟捷運色狼論是不是有異曲同工的感覺。
如果老師敘述的話,可做為襲胸犯罪者澄清自己並不是色狼而是好男孩,那被抓到的捷運色狼,都可以在襲胸後說:我並不是甚麼色狼,會襲胸並不是我願意的,是因為我被人誘導後才會做出襲胸的動作的,不應該直接稱我這類的好男孩為色狼。

jsw to H (or should I direct it to L):
Were you drinking again while posting? Here is my advice often given for writing class: 逐字唸你寫的,錄音後成沉澱一天,然後聽錄音、不看螢幕,你會覺得這是外國人在說話。Time to stop and move on. In closing, let me make clear once and for all that I was just trying to point out the problem with logical reasoning in student L's comment. 總之,我發現有人中文閱讀與寫作,有大問題。

當學校提供實習機會,除了基本說明之外,基於誘因或行銷技巧,當然會為實習遠景美言好幾句。學校提供學生一個自我選擇的機會,結果選擇實習的學生,竟然大剌剌質疑學校在變相的誘導學生!所以我舉辣妹為例,假設辣妹有自信,穿出性感,當然希望她心儀的男孩會注意與接近她。如果你長相愛國、個性悶騷又愛意淫,(正所謂)不是她的菜,你去襲胸被逮,你的理由是辣妹在放電、變相的引誘大家,也沒有充分告知 (1)你不是她的菜 (2)乳溝與股溝僅供遠觀。這樣的色狼,豈不是白癡?

我當然不是在鼓勵色狼,或是幫色狼脫罪。我是採用類此推論 (A:B = C:D),告訴 Student L,她的思考模式,讓我想到那位既是色狼、又是白癡的虛擬人物。

英文、創意、理論、實務、性 -- 2010雜念

A student, to my surprise, scored 240 points in 大專英檢(CSEPT), could not understand 
"All I can and will say is: Watch out the high opportunity costs of dealing with trash."
Well, maybe he was just lying.

也驚訝現在的學生,不知讀莊子或林語堂的書,難怪沒有創意思考能力。不喜歡的,就是理論。沒有被要求到的,就是自己最喜歡追求的實務。可是,理論二字,也有保護罩的功能。假設我開一門棒球課,學期已經過了1/3,還沒教投球與揮棒。有人質疑,我就說:『理論基礎很重要啊,我要先教基礎與基本功。』
常見不入流的業界人士與政府官員,一直說學校要幫學生的未來雇主,教導學生實務的能力。自己政策推動不力或是公司虧損時,就推說:『理論上,不該這樣啊。』

Robert Solow once joked about Milton Friedman by writing something like: “Milton always writes about money (貨幣). Well, sex is constantly on my mind but I keep it away from my writing.” Since I am not Solow, I shall write a little bit about sex. And it is my blog, meaning that I can say whatever I want.
在我是學生的年代,健康教育都是偷偷地、仔細地讀完,絕大多數同學在20歲以前,還沒性經驗,也不會吹噓或假裝純真。當今的大學生,就不一樣了。請問:『關於那檔事 … 在我是學生的年代,我們是重理論;在30年後的今天,學生是重實務。』這樣敘述,可以嗎?

上週,Alex 與我幾秒鐘腦力激盪,產生一小品: 『我不是不會扣籃,只是目前還在鑽研理論的部份。』

Back to late 1980s, when I was a graduate student at Purdue. It was quite common (and possibly still is now) to see that students often shied away from taking theory courses (kind of dry). Recall that a decrease in supply will make the price go up. When theorists were hard to find, some students would brag about their expertise in theory. Professor James C. Moore, who was a solid economist (specializing in math econ and trade theory) and my role model for years, once said: “Do not claim you are a theorist unless you really are.” I still remember the reaction on the faces of those senior graduate students. It was a cold winter morning and the room was central-heated. After his words, the room was cold as outdoors and one could almost hear one's heart beat. Bingo!

Prescribed Task vs. Realized Outcome

C同學問起點名之事,我決定先試著說明,該制度的設計者,當時可能的想法:『在設計點名制度時,請假不是常態, …』。
結果L同學回應:『請假真的是少數案例嗎?你可以去問問看老師嗎?』.

Unbelievable! 也許我們先不急於國際化,應該先提升同學的中文閱讀能力。
醫生接生嬰兒時,大家都會誇讚祝福嬰兒。嬰兒成長為有用的人,這是 prescribed task. 有些人不幸成為智障、敗類、人渣、人魔,這是 realized outcome. 有人分不清楚 prescribed task 與 realized outcome?? 讓我想到:吃了會拉,何不直接吃屎? 還有情歌裡的:早知會分手,當初就不該愛你。
Conclusion: The economy may not be bad as thought. 因為一堆人吃飯免錢
Note:
1.吃飯免錢 = 白吃 = 白癡 (因為寫錯字)
2.去年指導一組同學,寫畢業專題,題目是:論「釋放訊號」在大學校園的認知 -- 以文藻點名制度為例。同學告訴我,一位小主管明白指出,研究點名這類議題,與國際企業管理不相關,似乎把這份專題報告視為家醜。(The rest is history.) 不到半年時間,由UB3同學的電郵發問,顯示他真是多慮 -- 連同系學弟妹都完全不知這份專題報告!令人啼笑皆非。