Disclaimer: This is not my story as I smoke cigars and occasionally am a pipe-smoker. To me, smoking cigarettes causes terrible smell, just as most of you will agree with me.
甲是外國人，不知道室內公共場所已經是全面禁煙。甲問他的英語家教學生乙，是否介意甲來根「飯後煙」，乙說沒關係啊，你當然可以消費你買的東西。少數顧客向餐廳老闆抗議，乙辯稱甲對他很重要、也謊稱自己不知煙害防治法。是地方首富的乙，建議老闆把抗議者請出去，索性把餐廳改為「有煙餐廳」(NOT a smoke-free restaurant)。老闆想了一下，反正老闆自己平日也偶爾在廚房偷偷哈上一口，這回既然有乙承擔責任，也就真的如此做了。老闆還對自己的行動力(Just do it -- no matter how much it costs)自豪，也不忘酸一下被請出去的顧客：「這是我的店。」結果餐廳生意大跌，招牌還沒換新，環保人員來開罰，只看見甲一人悠閒地在吞雲吐霧。
不知法而違法，不嚴重 -- 告知後，要求改正即可。
以謊言掩飾誤判、以謊言掩飾違法，都很嚴重。
一人犯錯，是常態。直線組織裡的多人交疊犯錯，終將結束組織的生命，這就是社會科學重視的議題之一：腐化 (corruption)。
Saturday, May 15, 2010
Wednesday, May 12, 2010
An open letter to students in UB4 before their graduation
Dear students in UB4:
這是班導師第一次、也是最後一次給你(妳)們的公開信。首先要恭喜大家，學業告一段落，應該興奮地邁向人生的下一階段。即使有極少數延畢同學，也應該滿懷喜悅與抱持感恩之心，只是晚半拍離開這個四年的環境罷了。(上課不是也有遲到的嗎？遲到的同學，未必會有較差的學期成績。)當年我大學畢業時，也是如此心態。估計諸位至少還有60年的人生旅途，所以這四年只占十五分之一，很多喜怒哀樂，終將變成不重要的回憶。然而，我敢預言，這四年的歷練，應該是獨一無二的。
正因為『獨一無二』，我衷心希望，贈送大家「誠信、原則」四字，盼望大家能一生受用。有人應該聽說一些關於下週一晚宴的最新發展，身為班導師，我有責任提供第一手報導。在系學會會員大會(與系師生座談會合併舉辦)之前，系學會會長就客氣地與我商議系學會送舊晚會之地點問題，在過程中我也提醒她，當初我逐一發送 MSN 訊息，籲請 UB4同學繳交會費，一來糾正常見的大四生不繳會費之怪象，也保證系學會的送舊餐會能與謝師宴合併舉辦，可望節省時間、人力與金錢。在當天會議中，我又報告一次，包括系主任在內，與會的老師也聽到此一小小創舉。未料，五月初，系學會竟然告知：系學會送舊，與謝師宴是兩碼子事。我立即發信提醒會長與系主任，所得到的答案，甚至出現「搭便車」這類字眼，令我詫異、遺憾。
我在部落格寫道，我遺憾、也抱歉，曾經眼瞎耳聾為不值得付出的團體或個人背書、支持。我有自由，不參加有違誠信原則的活動。我有義務，拒絕為有違誠信原則的活動助陣、鋪路。身為教育工作者，我不可能現身說法，告訴同學：「背信是可以被接受的。」我任教的課程裡，作弊是不被允許、也沒發生過。胡搞瞎搞的企業確實存在，希望諸位將來不會遇到，至少趁還沒踏入社會之前，我們能提供正確的示範。基於此原則，我無法為系學會這樣的行為背書，也不應該參與。
不同於二十年前的校園文化，今日的系學會，已是一社團組織，系主任是當然的指導老師，只是不像其他社團的指導老師，沒有校長的聘書，學務處也好意讓各系自行輔導。系上老師，沒繳會費，但是基於教師使命感與情緣，總是希望在旁助陣、協助。我當然會憂心，往後系學會如何能收到大四生的會費？該說的話已說，能幫忙的也做了，自認問心無愧。
有人問：「你會生氣嗎？」基本上，這都是教育的一部份，學生犯錯，是可以被原諒的。我真的覺得，系學會此舉，陷我於不義，因為我勢必失信於諸位。已經繳交系會會費的同學，如果相信我這裡的歷史陳述，請接受導師的道歉。因為不相信會有(部份)退費之奇蹟，我誠懇地自掏腰包，補償繳費者每人一百元(正好是會費的三分之一)。非全額退費，並非異象，大家就看開一點，爾後保持一些戒心。如此，我們親身體驗『誠信』之可貴，堅守「原則」之勇氣。也是一件好事！
如果有同學想與導師聊天吃飯，我還蠻好約的。費用不是問題，大家依照所得的「比例原則」推算即可。這兩年我與同學的小組餐聚，不是進行的還好嗎？我在學生時期，與尊敬的老師吃飯，也都是如此，將心比心，也是良好的傳承。我計劃為「原訂計畫」奉獻的一些紀念品，將改留給我們的小團體聚餐抽獎用。
感謝同學閱讀至此，請相信我逐字敲打的時間，應該是諸位瀏覽時間的十倍，該相信我的誠意吧。
祝
一帆風順！
衛忠欣
後記：
"Behold, I am doing a new thing; now it springs forth, do you not perceive it?”
"My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness."
I saw those two quotes (from Bible) from my friend's web site after typing this letter.
Now I know where I got the strength and courage to stand tall and have faith.
這是班導師第一次、也是最後一次給你(妳)們的公開信。首先要恭喜大家，學業告一段落，應該興奮地邁向人生的下一階段。即使有極少數延畢同學，也應該滿懷喜悅與抱持感恩之心，只是晚半拍離開這個四年的環境罷了。(上課不是也有遲到的嗎？遲到的同學，未必會有較差的學期成績。)當年我大學畢業時，也是如此心態。估計諸位至少還有60年的人生旅途，所以這四年只占十五分之一，很多喜怒哀樂，終將變成不重要的回憶。然而，我敢預言，這四年的歷練，應該是獨一無二的。
正因為『獨一無二』，我衷心希望，贈送大家「誠信、原則」四字，盼望大家能一生受用。有人應該聽說一些關於下週一晚宴的最新發展，身為班導師，我有責任提供第一手報導。在系學會會員大會(與系師生座談會合併舉辦)之前，系學會會長就客氣地與我商議系學會送舊晚會之地點問題，在過程中我也提醒她，當初我逐一發送 MSN 訊息，籲請 UB4同學繳交會費，一來糾正常見的大四生不繳會費之怪象，也保證系學會的送舊餐會能與謝師宴合併舉辦，可望節省時間、人力與金錢。在當天會議中，我又報告一次，包括系主任在內，與會的老師也聽到此一小小創舉。未料，五月初，系學會竟然告知：系學會送舊，與謝師宴是兩碼子事。我立即發信提醒會長與系主任，所得到的答案，甚至出現「搭便車」這類字眼，令我詫異、遺憾。
我在部落格寫道，我遺憾、也抱歉，曾經眼瞎耳聾為不值得付出的團體或個人背書、支持。我有自由，不參加有違誠信原則的活動。我有義務，拒絕為有違誠信原則的活動助陣、鋪路。身為教育工作者，我不可能現身說法，告訴同學：「背信是可以被接受的。」我任教的課程裡，作弊是不被允許、也沒發生過。胡搞瞎搞的企業確實存在，希望諸位將來不會遇到，至少趁還沒踏入社會之前，我們能提供正確的示範。基於此原則，我無法為系學會這樣的行為背書，也不應該參與。
不同於二十年前的校園文化，今日的系學會，已是一社團組織，系主任是當然的指導老師，只是不像其他社團的指導老師，沒有校長的聘書，學務處也好意讓各系自行輔導。系上老師，沒繳會費，但是基於教師使命感與情緣，總是希望在旁助陣、協助。我當然會憂心，往後系學會如何能收到大四生的會費？該說的話已說，能幫忙的也做了，自認問心無愧。
有人問：「你會生氣嗎？」基本上，這都是教育的一部份，學生犯錯，是可以被原諒的。我真的覺得，系學會此舉，陷我於不義，因為我勢必失信於諸位。已經繳交系會會費的同學，如果相信我這裡的歷史陳述，請接受導師的道歉。因為不相信會有(部份)退費之奇蹟，我誠懇地自掏腰包，補償繳費者每人一百元(正好是會費的三分之一)。非全額退費，並非異象，大家就看開一點，爾後保持一些戒心。如此，我們親身體驗『誠信』之可貴，堅守「原則」之勇氣。也是一件好事！
如果有同學想與導師聊天吃飯，我還蠻好約的。費用不是問題，大家依照所得的「比例原則」推算即可。這兩年我與同學的小組餐聚，不是進行的還好嗎？我在學生時期，與尊敬的老師吃飯，也都是如此，將心比心，也是良好的傳承。我計劃為「原訂計畫」奉獻的一些紀念品，將改留給我們的小團體聚餐抽獎用。
感謝同學閱讀至此，請相信我逐字敲打的時間，應該是諸位瀏覽時間的十倍，該相信我的誠意吧。
祝
一帆風順！
衛忠欣
後記：
"Behold, I am doing a new thing; now it springs forth, do you not perceive it?”
"My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness."
I saw those two quotes (from Bible) from my friend's web site after typing this letter.
Now I know where I got the strength and courage to stand tall and have faith.
Friday, May 07, 2010
如何牽線 -- (case study) materials for the course Workshop on Information and Negotiation
Case: A 與 B 同為一家傳統產業的小主管。A 利用總經理的莫名其妙信任，在缺乏自知之明 (see my posting on facebook) 的情況下，開始違反行政倫理與體制運作，搞一些自己發明的小動作。B 的部門，予人有些搖搖欲墜之感，讓 A 更能理直氣壯，直接伸手介入B 的部門事務。(想到古人有所謂屍骨未寒之比喻，在此，人還活得好好的耶。) B 不敢上稟總經理，因為老總已經「充分授權」。我告訴她：還有董座啊！ B 說：我那敢驚動老董啊！
深知董事長是一位有智慧的傾聽者與信徒，我該如何牽線呢？
Solution: 我將下列內容，同時寄給董事長與B。Email 的主旨是 『引子』。
歷史學家卡西烏斯．迪歐紀錄了一則發人深省的歷史事件，是關於公元117–138年間羅馬皇帝哈德良。
「有一次，有個女人在哈德良行經的路途中向他哀求。一開始，哈德良對她說：『我沒有時間聽妳的請求。』但是當她後來對他喊著：『那你就別做皇帝了！』哈德良聽了便轉回來，聽她所要提的請求。」
很多帝王或忙碌的經理人，總是不希望被人打擾，上帝不像他們。
----------------
case study continued...
董座回信：God's ways are far beyond our imagination. I happened to meet B.
深知董事長是一位有智慧的傾聽者與信徒，我該如何牽線呢？
Solution: 我將下列內容，同時寄給董事長與B。Email 的主旨是 『引子』。
歷史學家卡西烏斯．迪歐紀錄了一則發人深省的歷史事件，是關於公元117–138年間羅馬皇帝哈德良。
「有一次，有個女人在哈德良行經的路途中向他哀求。一開始，哈德良對她說：『我沒有時間聽妳的請求。』但是當她後來對他喊著：『那你就別做皇帝了！』哈德良聽了便轉回來，聽她所要提的請求。」
很多帝王或忙碌的經理人，總是不希望被人打擾，上帝不像他們。
----------------
case study continued...
董座回信：God's ways are far beyond our imagination. I happened to meet B.
Monday, May 03, 2010
Sunday, May 02, 2010
Detailed Solution to Midterm Examination, Macro Principles, Spring 2010
★★★★ Detailed Solution to Midterm Examination (Int’l Business, WUCL) ★★★★
Spring 2010 Instructor: 衛忠欣 (Jong-Shin Wei)
經濟學(二) (Principles of Macroeconomics) (07)342-6031 ext.6222
93001@mail.wtuc.edu.tw jsw12011958@gmail.com
3:30 pm ~ 4:50 pm, April 26, 2010
Open books/notes exam. Max: 111 points in 80 minutes; absolutely no talking nor borrowing items during exams.，可使用自己的資料、字典或翻譯機。字典或翻譯機之使用，限在前30分鐘之內。行動電話若響起，該生扣十分、以強調基本禮貌。務必工整依序作答。題目較多，目的在於測試是否有平日閱讀原文書之習慣。Watch your time and have fun!
Part One: 30 Multiple choice questions. [By multiple choice in an English-speaking academic environment, we mean that you must choose the most appropriate one from 4 alternatives. 依慣例，答錯不倒扣！] 75 points
1.The measure of GDP can take into account of efforts in
(A) protecting environment;
(B) creating more jobs domestically;
(C) slowing down the rate of resource depletion;
(D) fighting with the cocaine trafficking.
Ans: B. [See p.322, text]
2.It is fair to say that while measuring the aggregate output, we put more weight on
(A) services provided by the government sector;
(B) goods produced by the production sectors;
(C) black market activities;
(D) high-priced goods and services.
Ans: D. [See p.323, text]
3.Henry is a writer who married June, who stays home doing unpaid housework and child care duties. If June chooses to work at a law firm while paying someone to do the housework and child care, in the spirit of GDP computation, we shall say
(A) there will be an increase in GDP but it is over-stating;
(B) there will be an increase in GDP but it is under-stating;
(C) there will be a decrease in GDP but it is over-stating;
(D) there will be a decrease in GDP but it is under-stating.
Ans: A. [See p.324, text]
4.It is very common in Taiwan that grand parents help with child care when both parents go to work full-time. In light of this and in comparison with what happens in USA, we shall say that the GDP in Taiwan seems to
(A) be over-estimated;
(B) be under-estimated;
(C) take into consideration of the quality of child care;
(D) fall due to the low birth rate.
Ans: B. [See p.324, text]
5.Education provided by public schools
(A) is not sold in markets;
(B) is not included in GDP because that it only helps with the quality;
(C) is not included in GDP because that we cannot find the market price for it;
(D) None of the above is correct.
Ans: A. [See p.325, text]
6.(基本時事題) Choose the correct statement.
(A)經濟部長是施顏祥；
(B)經建會主委是陳沖；
(C)經濟部長是蔡勳雄；
(D)金管會主委是李紀珠。
Ans: A.
7.(基本時事題) 依據行政院主計處，我國的經濟成長率，係
(A)按民國95年價格計算之國內生產毛額的年增率；
(B)按民國85年價格計算之國內生產毛額的年增率；
(C)按前一年價格計算之國內生產毛額的年增率；
(D)國內生產毛額的年增率。
*Ans: A. [Test if you follow information given on internet.]
8.A paid B $900 for baby-sitting last night. Today B spent $800 to have her hairs cut. For each hair cut, the assistant got paid (by the owner of the hair salon or gallery) in the amount of $100 (for washing hairs etc.) When we compute GDP, it is meaningful to
(A) view 900 + 800 + 100 as the increase in income;
(B) view 900 + 800 as the increase in expenditure;
(C) view 900 + 100 as the increase in income;
(D) view 900 + 700 as the increase in income.
*Ans: B. [See pp.325-6, text]
9.張三收成一批葡萄，他將一半的收成賣給李四吃，賺取$50,000。至於剩下的一半，張三自己吃去一半，將另一半拿去發酵釀酒，自製的私酒偷偷賣給王五喝，張三賺取$40,000。張三種植葡萄，對GDP的貢獻是
(A) 100,000;
(B) 90,000;
(C) 50,000;
(D) None of the above.
*Ans: C. [張三收成的葡萄，市值為$100,000。50,000 + 40,000 = 90,000. 私酒是在黑市交易，不能計入。See p.326, text]
10.(Learn economics from watching movies.) In the movie Cast Away (浩劫重生), Tom Hanks lived in an island alone for years. During that period, if we view that island as an economy, her GDP
(A) is zero because that Tom was lazy;
(B) is zero because that there was no market;
(C) is zero because that Tom’s time had no value;
(D) is not zero because that Tom worked hard to survive.
Ans: B.
11.John paid $4,000,000 for a new apartment in 2000. He sold that apartment for $2,600,000 in 2010. The real estate agent earned $160,000 in this transaction (from the seller and the buyer, of course). Regarding John’s transaction in 2010, the contribution to GDP is
(A) 4,000,000 - 2,600,000 - 160,000;
(B) 4,000,000 - 2,600,000 + 160,000;
(C) 2,600,000 + 160,000;
(D) None of the above.
Ans: D. [It is 160,000. See p.328, text]
12.「以價制量」的經濟(干預)政策，不易付諸實施。下列何者不屬於此類？
(A)Carter administration proposed to use gasoline tax to reduce the USA dependence on foreign oil;
(B)Increasing unit tax on cigarettes to discourage smoking;
(C)以死刑來嚇阻犯罪；
(D)知名學校希望提高研究所考試的報名費。
Ans: C. [trivial; lectures]
13.The main reason for implementing the mandatory immunization laws is
(A) The situation at which all were vaccinated is Pareto efficient;
(B) It helps increase government’s revenues;
(C) Evidence (such as what happened in the Boulder County of Colorado) shows that self-insurance works better;
(D) The best outcome to me is that I remain unvaccinated while all other people were vaccinated.
Ans: D. [pp.298-9, text]
14.Recall the green vs. red experiment (also see the extra credit question at the end of this exam paper). Relating it to the HINI immunization event last year, we see that
(A)實際接受疫苗注射的普遍度，類似大多數人選綠球；
(B)實際接受疫苗注射的普遍度，類似大多數人選紅球；
(C)如果張三接受疫苗注射，事後不會後悔；
(D)唯有百分之百的疫苗注射率，才是社會最適解。
Ans: A. [lectures; pp.298-9, text]
15.Which statement is true regarding the health care costs in USA?
(A)They account for 20 percent of national income in 1940;
(B)They account for 40 percent of national income in 2009;
(C)Main reasons for the sharp increase from 1940 to 2009 are inflation and sophisticated high-tech developments;
(D)The main reason for the sharp increase from 1940 to 2009 is the emergence of the third-party payment system.
Ans: D. [lectures; p.299, text]
16.Government-financed medical insurance
(A)不包括我國的全民健保；
(B)包括美國的HMO；
(C)立意在於防止醫療資源的浪費；
(D)是一種third-party payment system。
Ans: D. [See p.299, text]
17.Andy just had a minor surgeon. His demand for hospital stay (measured in days) is given by P + 50Q = 300. Hospital room charge is $200 per day. Without the insurance covering his hospital stay, how many days will Andy stay in the hospital?
(A) 1 day;
(B) 2 days;
(C) 3 days;
(D) None of the above.
Ans: B. [p.300, text. From P = 200 and P + 50Q = 300 we get Q = 2.]
18.[continued from question 17] If Andy’s hospital stay is fully covered by insurance, then how many days will Andy stay in the hospital?
(A) 2 days;
(B) 3 days;
(C) 6 days;
(D) None of the above.
Ans: C. [Andy is maximizing his consumer’s surplus by choosing Q = 6.]
19.[continued from question 18] Andy’s consumer surplus is
(A) 1800;
(B) 1200;
(C) 600;
(D) None of the above
Ans: D. [It is (300)(6)/2 = 900.]
20.[continued from question 18] Compare question 18 with question 17. Andy’s medical insurance causes a loss in medical care resources measured by “room charges due to extended stay minus Andy’s extra benefit”, which is
(A) 400;
(B) 300;
(C) 200;
(D) 600.
Ans: A. [It is 4(200)/2 = 400; see p.301, text]
*21.[continued from question 20] Suppose that the insurance provider offers Andy an option: He can get $x in cash, but he must pay the room charges, and the length of his hospital stay is exactly the answer to question 17. If both the insurance provider and Andy become better off when Andy agrees to that option, what would be the number x?
(A) 1300;
(B) 700;
(C) 800;
(D) 900.
Ans: D. [Andy finds it attractive due to 900 - 400 = 500 > 400. The insurance provider finds it attractive due to 900 < (200)(6). See p.301, text]
22.[continued from question 21] What happens to the hospital’s revenue?
(A) It increases by 800;
(B) It decreases by 800;
(C) It decreases by 600;
(D) None of the above.
Ans: B. [(200)(6) – (200)(2) = 800. Recall lectures]
23.Examples of in-kind transfers in Taiwan include
(A)老人津貼；
(B)消費券；
(C)急難救濟金；
(D)免費營養午餐。
Ans: D. [Notice that消費券 is quite different from food stamps in USA.]
24.It is 3 pm on Monday and you are a piano tutor who is teaching kids piano at your apartment. A carpenter is doing heavy work at your next-door neighbor’s apartment. The noise he is making forces you to stop your teaching. You both understand that you earn money by tutoring while he makes a living by working as a carpenter. Suppose that you both can negotiate at no cost and you both know what Coase theorem is all about. [Lucky you both!] If both agree that everyone is entitled to the environment without noise, then
(A) you should pay him and ask him to do his job at another time and this arrangement will make both better off;
(B) he should pay you and ask you to reschedule your session and this arrangement will make both better off;
(C) he must stop working in order to avoid the law suit;
(D) whoever pays another person to reschedule will be worse off.
Ans: B. [See p.273, text]
25.[continued from question 24] If both agree that doing house remodeling work is allowed during a weekday afternoon, then
(A) you should pay him and ask him to do his job at another time and this arrangement will make both better off;
(B) he should pay you and ask you to reschedule your session and this arrangement will make both better off;
(C) the best you can do is to reschedule your session and ask for nothing;
(D) whoever pays another person to reschedule will be worse off.
Ans: A. [See p.273, text]
26. (與新聞相關的活用題)前一陣子，中國大陸某地方首長來台。該天夜晚台北101大樓突然燈火通明。有一些反對人士大罵浪費、不環保、抱大腿。被罵的一方，則找了一些有些牽強的理由來搪塞。其實，被罵的一方可以搬出經濟學原理，來進行有效的辯護，那就是
(A) We live in a world full of informational asymmetry;
(B) Turning on those lights can prevent missiles attack from China in a cost-effective way;
(C) The government can subsidize private property owners to plant trees or to turn on all those lights to generate positive externalities;
(D) Since those lights are public goods, meaning that everyone can benefit at no cost.
Ans: C. [Make sure you know why (D) is not a good choice.]
27. Being an economic naturalist might help you with your social life. Adam and Eve are dating. Suddenly they have a big fight and that makes both thirsty. “Let us drink something and we will split once we finish the drink,” agreed by both. They face two choices: (1) each has a cup (250 cc) of coke; (2) both share a cup (500 cc) of coke (of course, each has a straw).
(A) If they want to make the date last longer, they should go for (1);
(B) If they want to make the date last longer, they should go for (2);
(C) No difference between (1) and (2)
(D) The waiter might prefer (1) to (2).
Ans: B. [See p.283, text]
28. Example of avoiding or resolving the tragedy of the commons do not include
(A) 國人習於構築籬笆或矮牆，圍成私人庭院；
(B) 讓師生領養校園花木；
(C) 持續開放系辦公室空間但是嚴密喧譁、小睡或進食；
(D) 對社區網球場收取使用費。
Ans: D. [See p.281, text]
29. Examples of excludable but not rival consumptions do not include
(A) fire protection;
(B) driving on a toll road at 5 am;
(C) driving on Highway 88 at 5 am;
(D) watching movies on HBO channel.
Ans: C. [Recall lectures]
30. The office of the department of international business administration is where students can spend some time during the class break. If you, having learned economics principles and heard about the vision from some faculty members, are asked to name that place, which name will you pick most likely?
(A) Tiger’s Paradise;
(B) Toyota’s Resort;
(C) Freedom’s Corner;
(D) International Commons.
Ans: D. [Think about the common resources. No need to explain how the adjective ‘international’ is conceived.]
Part Two: Analytical questions. [注意字體工整、邏輯順暢與不要出現錯別字或注音(與火星文)！如果字跡難以辨認，視同未答。畫蛇添足、答非所問、不知所云、自曝其短，將不利得分。教師也有權公告具有特色之作答。] 30 points
31. There are three industrial firms in the Dark Age Valley, A, B, and C. The initial pollution level for A is 50 units; for B is 80 units; for C is 70 units. Under the current technology, the cost of reducing pollution by one unit is $20 for A; $30 for B; $10 for C. At present, the government gives each firm 50 tradable pollution permits.
Firm A proposes to sell 10 units of permits to firm B; firm C proposes to sell 20 units of permits to B. The price of tradable permit is (agreed to be) 25. Carefully explain, with data, why all three firms will benefit from trading pollution permits in this way. Which firm benefits most? Which firm benefits least?
Ans:
For A, (25)(10) - (20)(10) = 50, greater than 0. Note 50 - 0 = 50.
For C, (25)(20) - (10)(40) = 100, greater than -200. Note 100 - (-200) = 300.
For B, -(25)(30) = -750, greater than -900. Note -750 - (900) = 150.
Since (1) the total pollution level is still kept at 150 and (2) all three firms prefer participating in this trade (and the follow-up) to no-trade , we can call it Pareto-improving.
By 300 > 150 > 50, we see that C benefits most, followed by B.
32. Recall the materials I showed during lectures regarding比中指事件。How can we relate it to the teaching/learning of externalities? Be specific and organized. 偏離主題必後悔。
Ans: The intention (of the Office of Students Affairs) of using that incident to remind students of the importance of appropriate conduct and image issue is understandable, if not well received or highly appreciated. However, leaving the issue of violating traffic regulations unattended, ignoring the possibility that the woman in photos might be in the process of making some video/photo for homework assignment, failing to note that we are obliged to publicly announce that “Smile, you are on hidden camera” before we video-tape them, and publicizing those video-taped materials without properly protecting those involved might very well generate externalities. People might think: Don’t they have more important things to do? 這與最近大家詬病的所謂「網友發動網路人肉搜尋」，有何不同？如果判斷力不足的學生，被誤導去四處拍照搜證文藻教職員生的活動，豈不是又回到文化大革命時期的紅衛兵、聞香隊之行為？
Note: 至於無法得到分數的答案，如：因為學校的關注，造成老師多講了這個話題，因為他只需教授經濟學，不需多講此事件。這就是外部性。
Extra credits question: RED or GREEN? Make your pick.
如果你選擇紅球，相對多數的同學也選擇紅球，我會加你3分。
如果你選擇紅球，相對多數的同學卻選擇綠球，我會加你0分。
如果你選擇綠球，相對多數的同學卻選擇紅球，我會加你4分。
如果你選擇綠球，相對多數的同學也選擇綠球，我會加你1分。
Note: In case there are 28 REDs and 28 GREENs, then the relative majority (to you) is GREEN if you happen to choose RED; the relative majority (to you) is RED if you happen to choose GREEN.
33.你會選擇紅球還是綠球？ 只能擇一！
Findings:
41 Students chose GREEN; 14 students chose RED.
34.你猜相對多數的同學，在上一題是選紅球還是綠球？只能擇一！猜中加2分。
Findings: 44 students guessed correctly.
(撰寫試題無著作權；歡迎全貌下載流傳。)
當下到處可見 grade inflation。同學是相互競爭、不是與老師較技。
所以有調分公式：(原始分數 + 10)*(1.3). Average: 61.8. Highest is 90; lowest is 33.
期中預警 13人
Spring 2010 Instructor: 衛忠欣 (Jong-Shin Wei)
經濟學(二) (Principles of Macroeconomics) (07)342-6031 ext.6222
93001@mail.wtuc.edu.tw jsw12011958@gmail.com
3:30 pm ~ 4:50 pm, April 26, 2010
Open books/notes exam. Max: 111 points in 80 minutes; absolutely no talking nor borrowing items during exams.，可使用自己的資料、字典或翻譯機。字典或翻譯機之使用，限在前30分鐘之內。行動電話若響起，該生扣十分、以強調基本禮貌。務必工整依序作答。題目較多，目的在於測試是否有平日閱讀原文書之習慣。Watch your time and have fun!
Part One: 30 Multiple choice questions. [By multiple choice in an English-speaking academic environment, we mean that you must choose the most appropriate one from 4 alternatives. 依慣例，答錯不倒扣！] 75 points
1.The measure of GDP can take into account of efforts in
(A) protecting environment;
(B) creating more jobs domestically;
(C) slowing down the rate of resource depletion;
(D) fighting with the cocaine trafficking.
Ans: B. [See p.322, text]
2.It is fair to say that while measuring the aggregate output, we put more weight on
(A) services provided by the government sector;
(B) goods produced by the production sectors;
(C) black market activities;
(D) high-priced goods and services.
Ans: D. [See p.323, text]
3.Henry is a writer who married June, who stays home doing unpaid housework and child care duties. If June chooses to work at a law firm while paying someone to do the housework and child care, in the spirit of GDP computation, we shall say
(A) there will be an increase in GDP but it is over-stating;
(B) there will be an increase in GDP but it is under-stating;
(C) there will be a decrease in GDP but it is over-stating;
(D) there will be a decrease in GDP but it is under-stating.
Ans: A. [See p.324, text]
4.It is very common in Taiwan that grand parents help with child care when both parents go to work full-time. In light of this and in comparison with what happens in USA, we shall say that the GDP in Taiwan seems to
(A) be over-estimated;
(B) be under-estimated;
(C) take into consideration of the quality of child care;
(D) fall due to the low birth rate.
Ans: B. [See p.324, text]
5.Education provided by public schools
(A) is not sold in markets;
(B) is not included in GDP because that it only helps with the quality;
(C) is not included in GDP because that we cannot find the market price for it;
(D) None of the above is correct.
Ans: A. [See p.325, text]
6.(基本時事題) Choose the correct statement.
(A)經濟部長是施顏祥；
(B)經建會主委是陳沖；
(C)經濟部長是蔡勳雄；
(D)金管會主委是李紀珠。
Ans: A.
7.(基本時事題) 依據行政院主計處，我國的經濟成長率，係
(A)按民國95年價格計算之國內生產毛額的年增率；
(B)按民國85年價格計算之國內生產毛額的年增率；
(C)按前一年價格計算之國內生產毛額的年增率；
(D)國內生產毛額的年增率。
*Ans: A. [Test if you follow information given on internet.]
8.A paid B $900 for baby-sitting last night. Today B spent $800 to have her hairs cut. For each hair cut, the assistant got paid (by the owner of the hair salon or gallery) in the amount of $100 (for washing hairs etc.) When we compute GDP, it is meaningful to
(A) view 900 + 800 + 100 as the increase in income;
(B) view 900 + 800 as the increase in expenditure;
(C) view 900 + 100 as the increase in income;
(D) view 900 + 700 as the increase in income.
*Ans: B. [See pp.325-6, text]
9.張三收成一批葡萄，他將一半的收成賣給李四吃，賺取$50,000。至於剩下的一半，張三自己吃去一半，將另一半拿去發酵釀酒，自製的私酒偷偷賣給王五喝，張三賺取$40,000。張三種植葡萄，對GDP的貢獻是
(A) 100,000;
(B) 90,000;
(C) 50,000;
(D) None of the above.
*Ans: C. [張三收成的葡萄，市值為$100,000。50,000 + 40,000 = 90,000. 私酒是在黑市交易，不能計入。See p.326, text]
10.(Learn economics from watching movies.) In the movie Cast Away (浩劫重生), Tom Hanks lived in an island alone for years. During that period, if we view that island as an economy, her GDP
(A) is zero because that Tom was lazy;
(B) is zero because that there was no market;
(C) is zero because that Tom’s time had no value;
(D) is not zero because that Tom worked hard to survive.
Ans: B.
11.John paid $4,000,000 for a new apartment in 2000. He sold that apartment for $2,600,000 in 2010. The real estate agent earned $160,000 in this transaction (from the seller and the buyer, of course). Regarding John’s transaction in 2010, the contribution to GDP is
(A) 4,000,000 - 2,600,000 - 160,000;
(B) 4,000,000 - 2,600,000 + 160,000;
(C) 2,600,000 + 160,000;
(D) None of the above.
Ans: D. [It is 160,000. See p.328, text]
12.「以價制量」的經濟(干預)政策，不易付諸實施。下列何者不屬於此類？
(A)Carter administration proposed to use gasoline tax to reduce the USA dependence on foreign oil;
(B)Increasing unit tax on cigarettes to discourage smoking;
(C)以死刑來嚇阻犯罪；
(D)知名學校希望提高研究所考試的報名費。
Ans: C. [trivial; lectures]
13.The main reason for implementing the mandatory immunization laws is
(A) The situation at which all were vaccinated is Pareto efficient;
(B) It helps increase government’s revenues;
(C) Evidence (such as what happened in the Boulder County of Colorado) shows that self-insurance works better;
(D) The best outcome to me is that I remain unvaccinated while all other people were vaccinated.
Ans: D. [pp.298-9, text]
14.Recall the green vs. red experiment (also see the extra credit question at the end of this exam paper). Relating it to the HINI immunization event last year, we see that
(A)實際接受疫苗注射的普遍度，類似大多數人選綠球；
(B)實際接受疫苗注射的普遍度，類似大多數人選紅球；
(C)如果張三接受疫苗注射，事後不會後悔；
(D)唯有百分之百的疫苗注射率，才是社會最適解。
Ans: A. [lectures; pp.298-9, text]
15.Which statement is true regarding the health care costs in USA?
(A)They account for 20 percent of national income in 1940;
(B)They account for 40 percent of national income in 2009;
(C)Main reasons for the sharp increase from 1940 to 2009 are inflation and sophisticated high-tech developments;
(D)The main reason for the sharp increase from 1940 to 2009 is the emergence of the third-party payment system.
Ans: D. [lectures; p.299, text]
16.Government-financed medical insurance
(A)不包括我國的全民健保；
(B)包括美國的HMO；
(C)立意在於防止醫療資源的浪費；
(D)是一種third-party payment system。
Ans: D. [See p.299, text]
17.Andy just had a minor surgeon. His demand for hospital stay (measured in days) is given by P + 50Q = 300. Hospital room charge is $200 per day. Without the insurance covering his hospital stay, how many days will Andy stay in the hospital?
(A) 1 day;
(B) 2 days;
(C) 3 days;
(D) None of the above.
Ans: B. [p.300, text. From P = 200 and P + 50Q = 300 we get Q = 2.]
18.[continued from question 17] If Andy’s hospital stay is fully covered by insurance, then how many days will Andy stay in the hospital?
(A) 2 days;
(B) 3 days;
(C) 6 days;
(D) None of the above.
Ans: C. [Andy is maximizing his consumer’s surplus by choosing Q = 6.]
19.[continued from question 18] Andy’s consumer surplus is
(A) 1800;
(B) 1200;
(C) 600;
(D) None of the above
Ans: D. [It is (300)(6)/2 = 900.]
20.[continued from question 18] Compare question 18 with question 17. Andy’s medical insurance causes a loss in medical care resources measured by “room charges due to extended stay minus Andy’s extra benefit”, which is
(A) 400;
(B) 300;
(C) 200;
(D) 600.
Ans: A. [It is 4(200)/2 = 400; see p.301, text]
*21.[continued from question 20] Suppose that the insurance provider offers Andy an option: He can get $x in cash, but he must pay the room charges, and the length of his hospital stay is exactly the answer to question 17. If both the insurance provider and Andy become better off when Andy agrees to that option, what would be the number x?
(A) 1300;
(B) 700;
(C) 800;
(D) 900.
Ans: D. [Andy finds it attractive due to 900 - 400 = 500 > 400. The insurance provider finds it attractive due to 900 < (200)(6). See p.301, text]
22.[continued from question 21] What happens to the hospital’s revenue?
(A) It increases by 800;
(B) It decreases by 800;
(C) It decreases by 600;
(D) None of the above.
Ans: B. [(200)(6) – (200)(2) = 800. Recall lectures]
23.Examples of in-kind transfers in Taiwan include
(A)老人津貼；
(B)消費券；
(C)急難救濟金；
(D)免費營養午餐。
Ans: D. [Notice that消費券 is quite different from food stamps in USA.]
24.It is 3 pm on Monday and you are a piano tutor who is teaching kids piano at your apartment. A carpenter is doing heavy work at your next-door neighbor’s apartment. The noise he is making forces you to stop your teaching. You both understand that you earn money by tutoring while he makes a living by working as a carpenter. Suppose that you both can negotiate at no cost and you both know what Coase theorem is all about. [Lucky you both!] If both agree that everyone is entitled to the environment without noise, then
(A) you should pay him and ask him to do his job at another time and this arrangement will make both better off;
(B) he should pay you and ask you to reschedule your session and this arrangement will make both better off;
(C) he must stop working in order to avoid the law suit;
(D) whoever pays another person to reschedule will be worse off.
Ans: B. [See p.273, text]
25.[continued from question 24] If both agree that doing house remodeling work is allowed during a weekday afternoon, then
(A) you should pay him and ask him to do his job at another time and this arrangement will make both better off;
(B) he should pay you and ask you to reschedule your session and this arrangement will make both better off;
(C) the best you can do is to reschedule your session and ask for nothing;
(D) whoever pays another person to reschedule will be worse off.
Ans: A. [See p.273, text]
26. (與新聞相關的活用題)前一陣子，中國大陸某地方首長來台。該天夜晚台北101大樓突然燈火通明。有一些反對人士大罵浪費、不環保、抱大腿。被罵的一方，則找了一些有些牽強的理由來搪塞。其實，被罵的一方可以搬出經濟學原理，來進行有效的辯護，那就是
(A) We live in a world full of informational asymmetry;
(B) Turning on those lights can prevent missiles attack from China in a cost-effective way;
(C) The government can subsidize private property owners to plant trees or to turn on all those lights to generate positive externalities;
(D) Since those lights are public goods, meaning that everyone can benefit at no cost.
Ans: C. [Make sure you know why (D) is not a good choice.]
27. Being an economic naturalist might help you with your social life. Adam and Eve are dating. Suddenly they have a big fight and that makes both thirsty. “Let us drink something and we will split once we finish the drink,” agreed by both. They face two choices: (1) each has a cup (250 cc) of coke; (2) both share a cup (500 cc) of coke (of course, each has a straw).
(A) If they want to make the date last longer, they should go for (1);
(B) If they want to make the date last longer, they should go for (2);
(C) No difference between (1) and (2)
(D) The waiter might prefer (1) to (2).
Ans: B. [See p.283, text]
28. Example of avoiding or resolving the tragedy of the commons do not include
(A) 國人習於構築籬笆或矮牆，圍成私人庭院；
(B) 讓師生領養校園花木；
(C) 持續開放系辦公室空間但是嚴密喧譁、小睡或進食；
(D) 對社區網球場收取使用費。
Ans: D. [See p.281, text]
29. Examples of excludable but not rival consumptions do not include
(A) fire protection;
(B) driving on a toll road at 5 am;
(C) driving on Highway 88 at 5 am;
(D) watching movies on HBO channel.
Ans: C. [Recall lectures]
30. The office of the department of international business administration is where students can spend some time during the class break. If you, having learned economics principles and heard about the vision from some faculty members, are asked to name that place, which name will you pick most likely?
(A) Tiger’s Paradise;
(B) Toyota’s Resort;
(C) Freedom’s Corner;
(D) International Commons.
Ans: D. [Think about the common resources. No need to explain how the adjective ‘international’ is conceived.]
Part Two: Analytical questions. [注意字體工整、邏輯順暢與不要出現錯別字或注音(與火星文)！如果字跡難以辨認，視同未答。畫蛇添足、答非所問、不知所云、自曝其短，將不利得分。教師也有權公告具有特色之作答。] 30 points
31. There are three industrial firms in the Dark Age Valley, A, B, and C. The initial pollution level for A is 50 units; for B is 80 units; for C is 70 units. Under the current technology, the cost of reducing pollution by one unit is $20 for A; $30 for B; $10 for C. At present, the government gives each firm 50 tradable pollution permits.
Firm A proposes to sell 10 units of permits to firm B; firm C proposes to sell 20 units of permits to B. The price of tradable permit is (agreed to be) 25. Carefully explain, with data, why all three firms will benefit from trading pollution permits in this way. Which firm benefits most? Which firm benefits least?
Ans:
For A, (25)(10) - (20)(10) = 50, greater than 0. Note 50 - 0 = 50.
For C, (25)(20) - (10)(40) = 100, greater than -200. Note 100 - (-200) = 300.
For B, -(25)(30) = -750, greater than -900. Note -750 - (900) = 150.
Since (1) the total pollution level is still kept at 150 and (2) all three firms prefer participating in this trade (and the follow-up) to no-trade , we can call it Pareto-improving.
By 300 > 150 > 50, we see that C benefits most, followed by B.
32. Recall the materials I showed during lectures regarding比中指事件。How can we relate it to the teaching/learning of externalities? Be specific and organized. 偏離主題必後悔。
Ans: The intention (of the Office of Students Affairs) of using that incident to remind students of the importance of appropriate conduct and image issue is understandable, if not well received or highly appreciated. However, leaving the issue of violating traffic regulations unattended, ignoring the possibility that the woman in photos might be in the process of making some video/photo for homework assignment, failing to note that we are obliged to publicly announce that “Smile, you are on hidden camera” before we video-tape them, and publicizing those video-taped materials without properly protecting those involved might very well generate externalities. People might think: Don’t they have more important things to do? 這與最近大家詬病的所謂「網友發動網路人肉搜尋」，有何不同？如果判斷力不足的學生，被誤導去四處拍照搜證文藻教職員生的活動，豈不是又回到文化大革命時期的紅衛兵、聞香隊之行為？
Note: 至於無法得到分數的答案，如：因為學校的關注，造成老師多講了這個話題，因為他只需教授經濟學，不需多講此事件。這就是外部性。
Extra credits question: RED or GREEN? Make your pick.
如果你選擇紅球，相對多數的同學也選擇紅球，我會加你3分。
如果你選擇紅球，相對多數的同學卻選擇綠球，我會加你0分。
如果你選擇綠球，相對多數的同學卻選擇紅球，我會加你4分。
如果你選擇綠球，相對多數的同學也選擇綠球，我會加你1分。
Note: In case there are 28 REDs and 28 GREENs, then the relative majority (to you) is GREEN if you happen to choose RED; the relative majority (to you) is RED if you happen to choose GREEN.
33.你會選擇紅球還是綠球？ 只能擇一！
Findings:
41 Students chose GREEN; 14 students chose RED.
34.你猜相對多數的同學，在上一題是選紅球還是綠球？只能擇一！猜中加2分。
Findings: 44 students guessed correctly.
(撰寫試題無著作權；歡迎全貌下載流傳。)
當下到處可見 grade inflation。同學是相互競爭、不是與老師較技。
所以有調分公式：(原始分數 + 10)*(1.3). Average: 61.8. Highest is 90; lowest is 33.
期中預警 13人
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
